Temperature & Moisture Requirement of various Crops

1. Rice

High yielding varieties:

Sprouting: greater than or equal to 10⁰C.

Flowering: 22oc to 23⁰C.

Grain formation: 20oc to 21⁰C.

Tolerance: 40⁰C.

Mean temperature: 22⁰C.

Highly cool-tolerant

Mean temperature: 15 to 17⁰C.

Cool-Sensitive:

Mean temperature: 17⁰C oc-19⁰C.

For low land Rice:

125mm during vegetative period

200 mm average monthly rainfall

For upland Rice:

100 mm monthly rainfall

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2. Maize

Mean temperature: 24⁰C.

Night temperature: greater than 15⁰C.

Seed germination: greater than 7⁰C.

Malevolent to crop with damage during tasseling and milk stage: sub-freezing temperatures

Malevolent to crop with damage to pollen and considerable reduction in yield: greater than 35⁰C.

Rainfall: 75 cm of rainfall during life of the crop.

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3. Millets

Germination: 8⁰C to 10⁰C.

Malevolent and retard growth and damage to leaves: near zero temperatures

Tolerance: 35⁰C to 40⁰C.

Optimum temperature: 26⁰C to 29⁰C

Rainfall: 28 cm to 35 cm; 3.7 mm for flowering and seed setting.

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4. Winter-Wheat

Germination: Minimum temperature 3⁰C to 4.5⁰C.

Maximum temperature: 32⁰C; Optimum temperature: 25⁰C;Mean temperature: 15⁰C to 20⁰C.

Malevolent: greater than 32⁰C.

Survival: -8⁰C to -10⁰C during vegetative stage.

Rainfall: 35 cm to 40 cm well distributed rainfall or four irrigations (one at crown initiation and 3 at 40 days intervals)

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4.Soyabean

Germination

Optimum temperature: 30⁰C; minimum temperature:5⁰C; maximum temperature:40⁰C;

Malevolent to crop, damage to leaves up to pod filling stage: freezing temperatures

Malevolent to crop, increase in fat content and decrease in protein content: high temperatures during flowering and ripening stages of the crop

Rainfall: 64cm to 75 cm of rainfall

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5.Cabbage

Monthly mean temperature: 15⁰C to 21⁰C: when the mean temperature falls below 15⁰C, the crop reaches head stage slowly.

At 10⁰C the crop stand market supply for many days.

Malevolent to crop, growth slow and abnormal: greater than 21⁰C and also freezing temperatures.

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6. Peas

Optimum temperatures: 13⁰C to 18⁰C.

Malevolent to crop, damage to blossoms and pods: freezing temperatures

Malevolent to crop, premature ripening and affect yield: greater than 27⁰C.

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7.Potatoes

Benevolent to crop, higher yields: mean July temperatures less than 21⁰C

Soil temperature:

24⁰C: rapid development of young sprouts.

Greater than 24⁰C: excessive branching

18⁰C: later growth better

Greater than 29⁰C: tuber inhibition

Soil moisture: 65 to 80% optimum

Rainfall: 15 cm to 20 cm rainfall or irrigation.

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8.Orange

Seed germination and tree growth: minimum temperature: 13⁰C, and maximum temperature: 38⁰C.

Optimum temperatures: 23⁰C to 33⁰C for sweet orange

Optimum temperatures: 26⁰C to 33⁰C for sour orange

For hardiest: -8⁰C.

Rainfall: 90 cm of rainfall per annum.

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